مجله زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
پیاپی 24 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

During the recent two decades, the subject of processing well-formed and ill-formed words have been exploited in the literature for different languages and different purposes. Lexical retrieval for auditory inputs has been proved to start as soon as 200 ms after the stimulus onset. However, the questions of when and how well-formed and ill-formed words change their processing paths have yet to be answered for Farsi speakers. In this study, Farsi speakers did a lexical decision task while their brain activity was being recorded by a 64 channel EEG. The stimuli included Farsi words, pseudowords and nonwords, which were very similar in structure and were consistent in terms of fundamental frequency, intensity and duration. The ERP data showed an LPC for nonwords in frontal regions, which is known to be an indicator of violating phonotactic constraints. In addition, nonwords and pseudowords showed almost equal N400 effects in parietal regions, which can reflect a more effortful semantic integration compared with words. Finally, the peak latency analysis revealed an earlier N400 peak for pseudowords as opposed to words and nonwords. The regions where N400 and LPC were identified differed from some studies in the literature.

This study is concerned with the factors affecting the direction of assimilation in Iranian south western languages based on Sibawayh approach. To do this, five different assimilation processes were studied in these languages. According to Dabirmoghadam (2013), the Iranian south western group of languages is divided into 7 languages which are Farsi, Davani, Lori, Delvari, Larestani, Laraki and Bakhtiari. The data were gathered using several fieldwork and printed sources. Among the achievements is, the dominance of inherent features in assimilation which inherited to some consonants related to their place and manner of articulation as “inherent strength”, such as [+strident] and [+nasal]. The other dominant factor is the “positional strength” of “onset” rather than “coda” which determines the direction in assimilation. While these two factors, compete in a context, no assimilation occurs and “neutralization” will take place. Another achievement is that in these studied languages, the assimilation processes mainly occur progressively than regressively.

Persian has borrowed numerous religious (Islamic) words and expressions from Arabic. However, a number of these words and expressions have undergone extension of meaning and/ or physical context. Extension of the physical context means that the original meaning and the physical context of some of these words and expressions have not changed; rather they are used in other physical contexts in addition to their original contexts. The corpus under study includes religious words and expressions used in spoken Persian with or without extension of meaning and physical context. Identifying whether a word or an expression has undergone extension of meaning and physical context is based on the linguistic intuition of the author as a native speaker of Persian. This research presents several examples and discusses them within the framework of Relevance theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). In line with this theory, there exists a combination of knowledge, experiences and shared background cultural information about religious words and expressions in the mind of every Persian speaker. Using this combination, not only Persian speakers are aware of their original meanings and physical contexts but also they have access to their extended meanings and/ or physical contexts. In accordance with the Relevance theory, when a Persian speaker hears a religious word or expression s/he considers the physical context to evaluate it and then matches it with her/his background cultural knowledge in order to figure out if the speaker intended its original meaning or its extended meaning.

Sogdian Language is one of the middle eastern Iranian Languages which is divided into three parts: Manaichean, Buddhist and Christian. This paper surveys The Typology of the word order of the Buddhist Sogdian text “Vesantra Jᾱtaka”. There has not been research done on the Typology of the word order of this language. This paper surveys The Typology of the word order of the Buddhist Sogdian text “Vesantra Jᾱtaka” through a descriptive-analytical study. Data have been collected through library method and purposive sampling. Present article discusses on The word order of this text, among 24 categories discussed in Dabir Moghadam (2012), and 4 categories which Dryer presented (1992). Among 28 introduced components, 15 Nominal components have been studied. Based on the Branching direction theory (BDT), for different languages, two situation can be imagined: Right branching, Left branching. Based on the Branching direction theory, It was found that Sogdian Language tends to be left-branching. Sogdian language is Left-branching in the 8 Components and is Right-branching in 5 Components.

Resumptive pronouns (henceforth RP) can be used in the relative structure of some languages. RP, in this respect, refers to a personal pronoun co-indexed with the head of relative structure, used in the subordinate clause. In this paper, I try to investigate the typological features of Persian RP in headed relative clauses based on some universals. The first goal of this paper is determining the process of making RP in Persian headed relative clauses. As there are three universal approaches in this term, including base-generation, movement and processing based. As the second goal, I want to review the results of Keenan & Comeri (1977) for Persian pronoun retention strategy. The results show that, for the first goal, Persian RP base-generated in its original position within the relative clause. (a) Using complementizer (ke) at the beginning of every headed relative clause, (b) having strong island structure in relative clause, and (c) the same reading of the of relative clause in both gap and pronoun retention strategies, are three main reasons for considering Persian as a language with base-generated RP procedure. Findings of the second goal indicate that Keenan & Comeri’s Accessibility hierarchy for pronoun retention of Persian can be modified in two aspects. While Keenan & Comeri (1977) claimed Persian necessarily uses only gap strategy in subject position of relative clause, this paper presents some relative clauses which use pronoun retention strategy (optionally and obligatory) in this position. Furthermore, according to Keenan & Comeri (1977) using pronoun retention strategy in complement position of Persian is obligatory. But some evidences, presented here, show that in some object-complement & complement-complement relative clauses which use special category of verbs, pronoun retention strategy is optional.

Persian language has been used in the vast country of Iran from long ago. This language has always attractedkings and courtiers because of its fluency, eloquence and simpleness; and it has always affected other Iranian languages. Kurdish language is one of the Iranian languages which because of its closeness to Persian languageand also because of formalness of Persian language in many the Kurd-settled areas, like other Iranian languages, has received a lot of effects from Persian language. One dialect of Kurdish language which has been used in a Persian-speaking environment and is more likely to be affected compared to otherKurdish dialects is Khurasani Kormanji Kurdish dialect which is branch of northern Kormanji. The main subject in this survey is the study of lexical effects of Persian language on Khurasani Kormanji dialect, and the objective is to identify the quality and level of the effects of Persian language on Khurasani Kormanji dialect of Kurdish language. This survey uses field study and library research methods, and the used tools are questionnaires and interviews. By studying popular and highly-used Khurasani Kormanji words, it was concluded that Persian language has been effective on this dialect, but these effects have been few. Out of 342 studied words that are popular in Khurassani Kormanji dialect, 23 words had been borrowed from Persian. On this basis, the ratio of Persian words in Khurasani Kormanji is 6.72%. In the study of popular expressions and phrases as well, was concluded that some of the popular Persian expressions and phrases have directly entered Khurasani Kormanji dialect; in some cases, their translations have entered this dialect, and in some other cases, their Persian equivalents have entered Khurasani Kormanji dialect. In this way, 40% of the popular expressions and phrases have been borrowed from Persian language, and 60% of them are Kurdish.

Relatively good research on conceptual metaphor has been done so far in political, media and literary texts. In the present study, a conceptual metaphor has been studied in poetic texts. The main questions of the research are: What is the role of conceptual metaphor in constructing and selecting metaphors in Shamloo and Naderpour poems? Can it be accepted that metaphor is a tool to represent certain concepts such as gender in these poems? In this study, data are extracted from the poems of Ahmad Shamloo and Naderpour and analyzed based on the conceptual metaphor theory of Likaf and Johnson. The results show that there are different concepts including gender concepts in Shamloo and Naderpour poems, but the degree of sexuality in Shamloo poems is much more than Naderpour poems because the semantic context of war in the conceptual metaphors of Shamloo poems is more than Naderpour's poems. Therefore, the results indicate that the effective factors in constructing and selecting metaphors in gender poems are the poet's attitude and thought, his feelings and the social atmosphere of the poets' time, and of course the gender factor plays an important role in constructing and selecting metaphors.

Narratology is a subject that has been studied in the past decades by the likes of Tzutan Todorov, Norman Friedman, Jaap Linolette, Gerald Press, Stansel, and Gerard. For nearly forty decades, this category, as an independent science in the West, has opened its place and from the point of view of structuralists, studies the nature, form and role of narrative and tries to show the ability and understanding of the narrative text. According to many scholars, the French general Georges has made the most complete theories in this field. The point of view or the focus of the narrative is the subject that the writer or narrator chooses to look at his story. His precise views and coherent views about the center of narrative have such a capacity that with the help of his narrative model, various literary texts can be examined and a new perspective can be opened on them. In this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, narrative techniques in the novel of mountain leopards by Amin Faqiri based on the theory of the center of narrative of the general agent will be examined.

The present research studies a process involved in the rise of the Persian discourse marker “ya’ni” (meaning that) in the framework of discourse grammar (Kaltenbock et al, 2011) and based on Heine’s approach (2013). Heine believes that the process leading to the rise of discourse markers is pragmaticalization. To him, a process called co-optation is the central mechanism involved in pragmaticalization, and he considers pragmaticalization and grammaticalization as distinct processes. Through co-optation a linguistic unit is transferred from sentence grammar to thetical grammar, acquires new semantic functions based on the complicated network of situation of discourse, and changes to a discourse marker. To carry out the present study based on Heine’s approach as its analytical framework, diachronic data in Persian were collected from the 4th to 14th Hijri centuries by choosing two typical books from each century. Then, all the occurrences of “ya’ni” in those books were manually identified and analyzed. The present diachronic study of “ya’ni” in Persian confirms Heine’s framework, and it shows a growing number of theticals as time passes. In addition, it was verified that the process which plays a role in the development of “ya’ni” is not grammaticalization, but pragmaticalization in center of which there is co-optation.

The present study examines and studies the poetry of the second millennium of the mountain deer (Shafiee Kadkani, 2016) in order to examine the centers of meaning as a researchable problem that can lead to a more accurate typology of modern Persian poetry; By asking these questions, what are the centers of meaning reproduction in the second millennium of mountain deer, what kind of relationship are they with each other, as a result of the interaction of these centers, how the process of infinite symbolism proceeds and finally what effect the multiplicity of centers of meaning production has on the sensory-aesthetic flow of poetry? The results show that in the second millennium, the relationship between poetry and painting is intercultural and interdisciplinary. The openness of the visual discourse of the "Mosque / Old Mosque" tile allows the poet to escape from the sphere of the closed sign and the monophony of today / now to the sphere of the open sign and the polyphony of yesterday / of the past. By transforming the iconic function of tile symbols into a symbolic function in poetry, the physical space or sub-space of the tile becomes a macro-space or virtual space and promotes the birth of meaning in a mixed, multidimensional, hierarchical flow in the deep space of ancient Iranian history. In this process, a discourse space is created in which the contradictions achieve coexistence and interaction instead of denying each other, and the "tile of the old mosque" hosts all the discourses. In the process of other signs, tile icons become indexes and, through combined metaphors, create a deep and subtle dimension of meaning that refers to "self." In this poem, the inner sense is the strongest sensory-perceptual dimension that disables the external senses and in the form of pure experiences, shows the way to the unconscious in the form of beautiful and unique images. Due to the fact that in this poem, the dominant center of production of meaning is the history and culture of Iran, it is classified as a cultural boast. The research has been done with a poststructuralist semiotic approach and descriptive-analytical method.

The purpose of this study is a contrastive analysis of grammer loss, addition, or change of voice adjectives, noun governing the genitive and noun in the genitive, number, pronouns, infinitives, affixes, verb and sealence usage, the place of stress and the comparison of words. For each mentioned case illustrative examples are offered.(people who live in Abadeh tashk are from lashani tribe which is one of loriوs tribes).In fact,this article intend to compare Lori and Farsi. The dialect of Lori which is the deep structure of the dialect of Abadeh tashk is closely related to modern Farsi. regarding grammatical and Lexical structure. The dialect of the village of Abadeh tashk undergoes clear pheonological change.In many words a consonant is changed to another consonant,that is, it undeagoes alteration,or some consonants are omited that is,elision occurs. In some words, two consonants replace each other that is reversal happers in them. In some other case are in a word insertion happens. It sometimes happens that in a word more than one change occur, In other words, elisionand reversal. Alteration and reversal, alteration and insertion and or all happen to gether.In the dialect under study,in most case elision,alteration. Reversal, increase and elision and reversal happen.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the representation of image schemas in the language descriptions of sighted and blind children in the age groups of 6-8 and 8-10 years to determine the extent to which the lack of sense of sight can be represented in the representation of three image schemas (space, path and force schemas). For this purpose, of 10 blind children and sighted children were asked to describe 20 concrete situations in the form of interviews, A total, from collected data was elicited 944 sentences including three image schemas. Statistical studies show that sighted children used three image schemas significantly more than blind children. The average rank for sighted children is 33/4 and for blind children is 67/2. Blind children, because they lack one of the five senses, seem to have more limited sensory-perceptual perceptions than the group, and perceive a more limited range of environment and transmit it through language. This is if the age factor had little effect on the representation of the image schemas. In addition, these statistical results also show that blind children have used space schemas to a greater extent than blind children. In contrast, sighted children used the force schema significantly more than blind children, which seems to be different from the complexity of image schemas.